Multi-Label Learning with Label Enhancement

The task of multi-label learning is to predict a set of relevant labels for the unseen instance. Traditional multi-label learning algorithms treat each class label as a logical indicator of whether the corresponding label is relevant or irrelevant to the instance, i.e., +1 represents relevant to the instance and -1 represents irrelevant to the instance. Such label represented by -1 or +1 is called logical label. Logical label cannot reflect different label importance. However, for real-world multi-label learning problems, the importance of each possible label is generally different. For the real applications, it is difficult to obtain the label importance information directly. Thus we need a method to reconstruct the essential label importance from the logical multilabel data. To solve this problem, we assume that each multi-label instance is described by a vector of latent real-valued labels, which can reflect the importance of the corresponding labels. Such label is called numerical label. The process of reconstructing the numerical labels from the logical multi-label data via utilizing the logical label information and the topological structure in the feature space is called Label Enhancement. In this paper, we propose a novel multi-label learning framework called LEMLL, i.e., Label Enhanced Multi-Label Learning, which incorporates regression of the numerical labels and label enhancement into a unified framework. Extensive comparative studies validate that the performance of multi-label learning can be improved significantly with label enhancement and LEMLL can effectively reconstruct latent label importance information from logical multi-label data.Comment: ICDM 201

An exploration on investigation and mapping of ground substrate in Ruyi River Basin, Bashang Plateau, Chengde City

The investigation and mapping of ground substrate is a whole new field of natural resources survey and monitoring system in the current situation, which has not been evolved into a unified guideline on action. In this paper, based on the summarization of the current situation of the Earth’s critical zone theory and ground substrate survey, fully drawing on the investigation methods and map expression styles of regional geology, engineering geology, Quaternary geology, hydrogeology, environmental geology, etc., and taking Ruyi River Basin in Bashang Plateau of Chengde City as the research area, we establish the method of the investigation and mapping of ground substrate based on the theory of the Earth’s critical zone. Based on the field investigation results, the ground substrate in Ruyi River Basin can be divided into nine types as follows: basalt, andesite, tuff, rhyolite, alluvial-proluvial gravel, eluvial-proluvial gravel, aeolian sand, lacustrine silt and marsh silt. The distribution characteristics as well as the investigation and monitoring indicators in different types of ground substrates are also studied. The spatial distribution map of aeolian sand thickness, coupling relationship profile between the ground substrate and the ground covered layer, and ground substrate map are drew. The spatial distribution map of ground substrate thickness can show the spatial distribution characteristics of the thickness of different types of surface substrate layers. The coupling relationship profile of ground substrate and surface covered layer can directly describe the constraint of the profile structural characteristics and physical and chemical properties of ground substrate on the ecological elements of the covered layer. The ground substrate map can systematically reflect the structure, distribution, characteristics and coupling relationship between ground substrate and ground covered layer. The series maps of ground substrate are the reflection of the interaction of multiple cycles in the Earth’s critical zone, such as the rock, the soil, the water, and the organism. The results of this study can provide references for the nationwide investigation and mapping of the ground substrate

Rice UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase1 Is Essential for Pollen Callose Deposition and Its Cosuppression Results in a New Type of Thermosensitive Genic Male Sterility

UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase) catalyzes the reversible production of glucose-1-phosphate and UTP to UDP-glucose and pyrophosphate. The rice (Oryza sativa) genome contains two homologous UGPase genes, Ugp1 and Ugp2. We report a functional characterization of rice Ugp1, which is expressed throughout the plant, with highest expression in florets, especially in pollen during anther development. Ugp1 silencing by RNA interference or cosuppression results in male sterility. Expressing a double-stranded RNA interference construct in Ugp1-RI plants resulted in complete suppression of both Ugp1 and Ugp2, together with various pleiotropic developmental abnormalities, suggesting that UGPase plays critical roles in plant growth and development. More importantly, Ugp1-cosuppressing plants contained unprocessed intron-containing primary transcripts derived from transcription of the overexpression construct. These aberrant transcripts undergo temperature-sensitive splicing in florets, leading to a novel thermosensitive genic male sterility. Pollen mother cells (PMCs) of Ugp1-silenced plants appeared normal before meiosis, but during meiosis, normal callose deposition was disrupted. Consequently, the PMCs began to degenerate at the early meiosis stage, eventually resulting in complete pollen collapse. In addition, the degeneration of the tapetum and middle layer was inhibited. These results demonstrate that rice Ugp1 is required for callose deposition during PMC meiosis and bridges the apoplastic unloading pathway and pollen development

Effect of Carbon Ion Radiation Induces Bystander Effect on Metastasis of A549 Cells and Metabonomic Correlation Analysis

ObjectiveTo analyze the effect of carbon ion (12C6+) radiation may induce bystander effect on A549 cell metastasis and metabonomics.MethodsA549 cell was irradiated with carbon ion to establish the clone survival model and the transwell matrix assay was applied to measure the effect of carbon ion on cell viability, migration, and invasion, respectively. Normal human embryonic lung fibroblasts (WI-38) were irradiated with carbon ions of 0 and 2 Gy and then transferred to A549 cell co-culture medium for 24 h. The migration and invasion of A549 cells were detected by the Transwell chamber. The analysis of metabonomic information in transfer medium by liquid phase mass spectrometry (LC-MS), The differential molecules were obtained by principal pomponent analysis (PCA) and the target proteins of significant differences (p = 1.7 × 10−3) obtained by combining with the STICH database. KEGG pathway was used to analyze the enrichment of the target protein pathway.ResultsCompared with 0 Gy, the colony formation, migration, and invasion of A549 cells were significantly inhibited by carbon ion 2 and 4 Gy irradiation, while the inhibitory effect was not significant after 1 Gy irradiation. Compared with 0 Gy, the culture medium 24 h after carbon ion 2 Gy irradiation significantly inhibited the metastasis of tumor cells (p = 0.03). LC-MS analysis showed that 23 differential metabolites were obtained in the cell culture medium 24 h after carbon ion 0 and 2 Gy irradiation (9 up-regulated and 14 down-regulated). Among them, two were up-regulated and two down-regulated (p = 2.9 × 10−3). 41 target proteins were corresponding to these four differential molecules. Through the analysis of the KEGG signal pathway, it was found that these target molecules were mainly enriched in purine metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism, peroxisome, and carbon metabolism. Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, calcium signaling pathway, arachidonic acid metabolism, and Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway.ConclusionThe bystander effect induced by 2 Gy carbon ion radiation inhibits the metastasis of tumor cells, which indicates that carbon ions may change the metabolites of irradiated cells, so that it may indirectly affect the metabolism of tumor cell growth microenvironment, thus inhibiting the metastasis of malignant tumor cells

Potent, Selective, and Cell Active Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) Inhibitor Developed by Structure-Based Virtual Screening and Hit Optimization

PRMT5 plays important roles in diverse cellular processes and is upregulated in several human malignancies. Besides, PRMT5 has been validated as an anticancer target in mantle cell lymphoma. In this study, we found a potent and selective PRMT5 inhibitor by performing structure-based virtual screening and hit optimization. The identified compound <b>17</b> (IC₅₀ = 0.33 μM) exhibited a broad selectivity against a panel of other methyltransferases. The direct binding of <b>17</b> to PRMT5 was validated by surface plasmon resonance experiments, with a <i>K_d</i> of 0.987 μM. Kinetic experiments indicated that <b>17</b> was a SAM competitive inhibitor other than the substrate. In addition, <b>17</b> showed selective antiproliferative effects against MV4-11 cells, and further studies indicated that the mechanism of cellular antitumor activity was due to the inhibition of PRMT5 mediated SmD3 methylation. <b>17</b> may represent a promising lead compound to understand more about PRMT5 and potentially assist the development of treatments for leukemia indications

Potent, Selective, and Cell Active Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) Inhibitor Developed by Structure-Based Virtual Screening and Hit Optimization

PRMT5 plays important roles in diverse cellular processes and is upregulated in several human malignancies. Besides, PRMT5 has been validated as an anticancer target in mantle cell lymphoma. In this study, we found a potent and selective PRMT5 inhibitor by performing structure-based virtual screening and hit optimization. The identified compound <b>17</b> (IC₅₀ = 0.33 μM) exhibited a broad selectivity against a panel of other methyltransferases. The direct binding of <b>17</b> to PRMT5 was validated by surface plasmon resonance experiments, with a <i>K_d</i> of 0.987 μM. Kinetic experiments indicated that <b>17</b> was a SAM competitive inhibitor other than the substrate. In addition, <b>17</b> showed selective antiproliferative effects against MV4-11 cells, and further studies indicated that the mechanism of cellular antitumor activity was due to the inhibition of PRMT5 mediated SmD3 methylation. <b>17</b> may represent a promising lead compound to understand more about PRMT5 and potentially assist the development of treatments for leukemia indications